Internet of things - Wikipedia. Drawing representing the Internet of things (Io. T). The Internet of things (Io. T) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and exchange data.[1][2][3]The Io. T allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure,[4] creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer- based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention.[5][6][7][8] When Io. As editor-in-chief of 99U, Adobe’s publication for creative professionals, Matt McCue oversees stories about topics like client work, storytelling, and productivity. Farming has been innovated at multiple different points and places in human history. The transition from hunter-gatherer to settled, agricultural societies is called. You have not yet voted on this site! If you have already visited the site, please help us classify the good from the bad by voting on this site. ![]() T is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber- physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, virtual power plants, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the Io. T will consist of about 3. Typically, Io. T is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine- to- machine (M2. M) communications and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications.[1. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a smart grid,[1. Things", in the Io. T sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, cameras streaming live feeds of wild animals in coastal waters,[1. DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring,[1. Legal scholars suggest regarding "things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and service".[1. These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices.[1. Current market examples include home automation (also known as smart home devices) such as the control and automation of lighting, heating (like smart thermostat), ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and appliances such as washer/dryers, robotic vacuums, air purifiers, ovens, or refrigerators/freezers that use Wi- Fi for remote monitoring. Examples also include Smartcities, wearables like Apple watch, Fitbits for entertainment, fitness and health monitoring, Industrial automation for gathering of data for predictive analysis and for scheduling preventive maintenance.[1. As well as the expansion of Internet- connected automation into a plethora of new application areas, Io. T is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations, with the consequent necessity for quick aggregation of the data, and an increase in the need to index, store, and process such data more effectively. Io. T is one of the platforms of today's Smart City, and Smart Energy Management Systems.[2. The term "the Internet of things" was coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto- ID Center, in 1. History[edit]As of 2. Internet of things has evolved due to a convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous wireless communication, real- time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems.[1. This means that the traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of things (Io. T).[2. 3]The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1. Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first Internet- connected appliance,[2. Mark Weiser's seminal 1. The Computer of the 2. Century", as well as academic venues such as Ubi. Comp and Per. Com produced the contemporary vision of Io. T.[2. 6][2. 7] In 1. Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories".[2. Between 1. 99. 3 and 1. Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. However, only in 1. Bill Joy envisioned Device to Device (D2. D) communication as part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1. The concept of the Internet of things became popular in 1. Auto- ID Center at MIT and related market- analysis publications.[3. Radio- frequency identification (RFID) was seen by Kevin Ashton (one of the founders of the original Auto- ID Center) as a prerequisite for the Internet of things at that point.[3. Ashton prefers the phrase "Internet for things."[3. If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them.[3. Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such technologies as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking.[3. In its original interpretation,[when?] one of the first consequences of implementing the Internet of things by equipping all objects in the world with minuscule identifying devices or machine- readable identifiers would be to transform daily life.[3. For instance, instant and ceaseless inventory control would become ubiquitous.[3. A person's ability to interact with objects could be altered remotely based on immediate or present needs, in accordance with existing end- user agreements.[3. For example, such technology could grant motion- picture publishers much more control over end- user private devices by remotely enforcing copyright restrictions and digital rights management, so the ability of a customer who bought a Blu- ray disc to watch the movie could become dependent on the copyright holder's decision, similar to Circuit City's failed DIVX.[citation needed]A significant transformation is to extend "things" from the data generated from devices to objects in the physical space. The thought model for future interconnection environment was proposed in 2. The model includes the notion of the ternary universe consists of the physical world, virtual world and mental world and a multi- level reference architecture with the nature and devices at the bottom level followed by the level of the Internet, sensor network, and mobile network, and intelligent human- machine communities at the top level, which supports geographically dispersed users to cooperatively accomplish tasks and solve problems by using the network to actively promote the flow of material, energy, techniques, information, knowledge, and services in this environment.[4. This thought model envisioned the development trend of the Internet of things. Applications[edit]. A Nest learning thermostat reporting on energy usage and local weather. According to Gartner, Inc. Internet of things by 2. ABI Research estimates that more than 3. Internet of things by 2. As per a 2. 01. 4 survey and study done by Pew Research Internet Project, a large majority of the technology experts and engaged Internet users who responded—8. Internet/cloud of things, embedded and wearable computing (and the corresponding dynamic systems[4. As such, it is clear that the Io. T will consist of a very large number of devices being connected to the Internet.[4. In an active move to accommodate new and emerging technological innovation, the UK Government, in their 2. Internet of things. The former British Chancellor of the Exchequer. George Osborne, posited that the Internet of things is the next stage of the information revolution and referenced the inter- connectivity of everything from urban transport to medical devices to household appliances.[4. The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory and power resources means that Io. T finds applications in nearly every field.[4. Such systems could be in charge of collecting information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and factories,[4. On the other hand, Io. T systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just sensing things. Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users' purchasing habits in a store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then be provided with special offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that they need, which their fridge has automatically conveyed to the phone.[5. Last Word Archive | New Scientist. September 2. 01. 7. When the wind howls, what exactly is making the noise? September 2. 01. 7. The sky is blue because the atmosphere scatters the shorter wavelength (blue) end of the visible light spectrum more than the red end. As a result, more of this reaches the ground when the sun is high in the sky. Why then aren't we aware of being bathed in a bluish light? Or do we in fact see a bluer world, but, because we always see it this way, our senses accept it as neutral? And is that why a tinge of blue is often added, for instance to washing detergent, to make things look whiter? September 2. 01. 7. How close would one have to be to the coalescing black holes recently detected by LIGO to actually feel the gravitational waves without the aid of instruments? September 2. 01. 7. When there is an archaeological find, earth has to be carefully removed to expose buried artefacts or building structures. Excluding nearby volcanic disasters, what causes a site to fill up with rubble and debris over time? Where does it come from? September 2. 01. 7. Certain animal carcasses can become so quickly infected with dangerous bacteria that they pose a significant threat to human health – for example, pork and chicken. Yet soon they will become alive with fly maggots competing for protein. Why are the maggots immune to the bacteria and their toxins, and why can't this be harnessed for human protection? September 2. 01. 7. Both Friesian cows and zebras are black and white. Does that mean both animals have identical code in their DNA that specifies "black and white"? September 2. 01. 7. How do metal blades in wet shavers lose their sharpness so easily on human hair and how can I avoid this? September 2. 01. 7. I live in a hard- water area and find that vinegar is a cheap and effective way to descale my kettle. But no matter how much I rinse afterwards, I won't get a decent cuppa for a week. Given that the kettle is stainless steel and plastic, why does the taint stay so long? A proprietary citric acid descaler presents no such problem, but is less effective and more expensive. September 2. 01. 7. Why can I only see round craters on the moon and on other bodies in the solar system? Surely, not all the impacts can be at right angles to the surface. What am I missing? September 2. 01. 7. I do cryptic crosswords. On my first attempt, I usually finish about half the clues and get stuck. When I return to the crossword the following day, even if I haven't been consciously thinking about it, I usually get a few more clues very quickly. But after half an hour at most, I become stuck again.
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